Term Papers (Sciences)
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A 4 page paper that provides an overview of the structure of the human hand. This paper considers the role of muscles, ligaments, tendons and bone in creating the movement of the hand. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
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A detailed, 11 page look at the shoulder's anatomy, and some of the injuries that can occur from common activities such as throwing and general overextension. Techniques for treatment and care of the shoulder are presented. Also useful to those studying sports & sports medicine. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
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The forehand ground stroke in tennis requires the coordination of more than 130 muscles in the legs, back, shoulder and arm for the approach, the back swing (initiation), the forward swing and the contact, and the deceleration. This 20 page paper provides a functional analysis of the forehand ground stroke in tennis by evaluating the connection between skeletal and muscular components in evaluating elements like range of motion, the phases of the swing, and the desired effect (hitting the ball) that come into play in determining the physical motion of the swing. Bibliography lists 20 sources.
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A 10 page paper describing the five major muscle groups and providing specific information for a representative muscle from each. Includes six drawings of various muscles as well as information regarding their origin, insertion, function, and innervation. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
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An 11 page overview of the physiological manifestations of stress. Includes specific information regarding the physiologies of three stress induced conditions: inflammatory bowel disease, migraine headaches, and memory loss due to impaired mossy fiber function. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
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A 5 page paper that provides an overview of the kinesiology of bowling, including a look at the sagittal view, extension, flexing, eccentric and concentric movements, and the relationship between the bones and muscles during the game. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
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A 10 page overview of the endocrine system. Includes specific information on the Ovary (follicle and corpus luteum), Testis, Pancreas, Adrenal glands (medulla and cortex), Thymus, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid, Posterior pituitary gland, Anterior pituitary gland, Hypothalamus and the Pineal gland as well as on their function, hormones, and regulators. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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A 6 page research paper describing the purposes and effects of oxytocin. Oxytocin is one of two hormones produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituatary glands. It is called the "touch hormone" because it has been found to be associated with the bonding that occurs between mother and child. Studies using this hormone in inducing labor are reported. Bibliography is included.
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A 6 page paper proposing a research project designed to discover some of the mechanisms of pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis resulting from the influence of rheumatoid factor. Early research discovered elevated levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in patients seropositive for rheumatoid arthritis, but it was not known if there was any relation between the presence of these IgG substances and the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis. It has since been established that IgG, as well as other dimers of Ig have some primary role in either the development or the advance of the disease, and it is believed that the role has at least some causative effect. The purpose of this proposed research is to attempt to discover what that effect might be. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
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A 6 page paper proposing specific research. One of the perplexing realities of the body of knowledge surrounding some of the paths of differentiation and affinities of specific molecules and specific genes is that they frequently behave in ways unexpected under current theory. Despite the fact that immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor genes use the same recombinases, Ig genes are functionally rearranged only in B-cells and TCR genes only in T-cells. The basis for this lineage specificity of antigen receptor gene expression is still not well understood. The purpose of this proposed research is to attempt to determine why the genes are arranged only in the narrowly specified cell types. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
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A 12 page exploration of Astronomical Cosmology or Cosmogony, the branch of astrology and astrophysics which studies the origin of the universe. Includes an explanation of the Big Bang theory, the nature of light, gravity, the Doppler effect, dark matter, Olber's paradox, background radiation, the theory of relativity, and inflation. Bibliography lists nine sources.
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An 8 page paper on the history of gravity as a known aspect of science. The writer describes the significance of the discovery of gravity using a historical overview. Kepler, Galileo, & Newton are among the many names discussed. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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A good, 6 page overview of the phenomena of primordial black holes. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
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A 5 page paper discussing how stars are born, dwarf stars, and a brief description of the life of a star. Also includes graphics of different phases of star birth. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
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An 8 page paper detailing the birth of a star. A star, like the sun, is a compiled mass of gases. In the examination of the birth of a star we first discuss the formation in a simple description. This is followed by a plausible theory for the formation of our solar system, which gives a very good look at the involvement of stars, as well as the formation and creation of one. It has often been said that we are all made up of the stars when it comes right down to basics, that is if one believes in the big bang theory. This is also discussed briefly along with a current illustration and description of red stars, which helps to illustrate what stars are and how they can often differ from one another. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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A comprehensive 8 page research paper on the solar system. Included in the discussion are : a solar system's definition, the Sun's composition, properties of all nine known planets, man's efforts to explore the solar system, and more...All terms are defined and plenty of statistical information is included. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
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A 5 page research paper on some of the available information about galaxies in general, including classification types, estimated numbers (more than 50 billion!), and some of the current research into the origins, nature and future of the Universe. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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5 pages in length. A comprehensive research paper-- explaining our galaxy (The "Milky Way") in great detail. The writer describes the history of man's early exploration via telescope, the distance and brightness of stars, attempts to assess The Milky Way's age, problems with matter, and the size/relevance relationship between our own solar system and others. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
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A 7 page essay on some of the benefits realized through the efforts of the nation's space programs. Critics maintain that the billions spent on space exploration would be better used in other ways, that there are no actual benefits realized aside from boosted egos. Topics the paper addresses include: ozone studies, medical advances of MRI and telemedicine, light touches on robotics, the cable TV industry and TeflonŽ, and their effect both on the nation's people and on the national economy. FREE outline included. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
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12 pages in length. In what has seemed like the blink of an eye, scientific technology has advanced the human race at such breakneck speed that scientists are forever attempting to outdo each previous discovery with a bigger and better replacement. Such is the case with the fantastic discoveries for which the Hubble Space Telescope has been responsible during the twentieth century. Had it not been for the creation of such a monumental piece of scientific machinery, the world would not have acquired the mountain of information, photographs and previously unknown details that have come forth over the last decade. Indeed, the proficiency of the Hubble Space Telescope has allowed mankind to delve far beyond the confines of conventional boundaries in order to encourage further exploration of outer space. The writer discusses revolutionary and evolutionary aspects of the Hubble Space Telescope. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
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A 5 page research paper which looks at the Hubble Space Telescope and the ramifications of some of its discoveries on the science of astronomy. The writer discusses what the Hubble has revealed about our own solar system and also the numerous paradoxes that the images from the Hubble have uncovered that may eventually revolutionize current scientific thinking. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
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A 9 page paper that provides a history of unmanned space flight that has lead up to the Mars Pathfinder mission and the interrelationship of all of those missions to the eventual human habitation of another planets, namely, Mars. The quest for Mars was begun 40 years ago, and all of the space exploration to date, manned or unmanned, including discoveries about earth and the universe, have been made toward this purpose. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
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A 5 page discussion of the need for the exploration of this fascinating planet. Argues that the resources which will be provided by Mars and the advances we will achieve in technology and society will offset the costs. Asserts that the exploration of Mars ensures the future of mankind. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
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6 pages in length. Inasmuch as the space program started out as more of a competition between nations, it has blossomed into its own fruition. Originally a quest to attain first bragging rights with regard to space exploration, the program began as the result of a rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United States around the time of the Cold War. At that time, there was no way America was going to be outdone by the Soviets when it came to space exploration; because of the United States' steadfastness to achieve greater success, the space program was implemented in full swing. What has come from such intense dedication can fill a multi-volume collection, from all the positive and wonderful aspects to all the regretful and unfavorable events. The writer discusses how the world has gained much knowledge about what exists beyond this planet through the explorations of the space program, an adventure that might not have otherwise come into existence if it were not for the inherent desire to be the best. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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This 7 page research paper looks at the future of U.S. space exploration in light of its somewhat turbulent past. Specifically examined is a proposal to build a space station which will conduct extensive research for the benefit of mankind. The role of NASA, relevant political controversy, and financial obstacles to building such a station are discussed. Growing environmental problems caused by space debris are of particular importance to this discussion. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
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This 5 page report discusses NASA's Apollo I, Apollo XIII, and The Challenger disasters and whether or not there was a common thread in the various decision making processes that ultimately led to the problems encountered by each of the missions. No secondary sources.
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A 15 page research paper that first explores commercialization of space and the space industry then focuses on SPACEHAB, Inc., the sole producer and provider habitable space modules. A brief history of SPACEHAB, acquisitions, contracts and financial data is provided. For clarity and comparison, 5 tables are presented reflecting the financial health of the company. The paper concludes with a financial analysis. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
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This 10 page report on the European Space Agency's Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) gives an overview of what the ISO's investigations are revealing, why its observations are in demand, and how its discoveries are beginning to rewrite the textbooks on astronomy. Bibliography lists four sources.
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This 7 page paper reviews the vast amount of information scientists currently have about life on Mars and speculates on what else might be discovered. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
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A 5 page research paper exploring aspects of Saturn's Rings. Topics include hypotheses of composition of the rings, leakage from the rings, the latest ring found, and what scientists hope the Cassini will reveal. Bibliography included.
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